РЕФОРМА ЦИФРОВОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ В ИНДОНЕЗИИ: СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ С ЭСТОНИЕЙ

Аннотация

Digital governance has become a central pillar of contemporary public administration reform, particularly for large and decentralised democracies seeking to improve public service delivery, institutional coordination, and citizen trust. While Estonia is widely recognised as a global pioneer in digital government, the applicability of its institutional arrangements to more complex governance systems remain underexplored. This study examines Indonesia’s digital governance reform through a comparative institutional analysis with Estonia under the Electronic-Based Government System (SPBE) framework. Drawing on secondary data from national policy documents, legal frameworks, international indices, and academic literature, the analysis is guided by Heeks’ Design-Reality Gap, the Four-Stage Model of Layne and Lee, and institutional dimensions of governance. The study compares legal infrastructure, interoperability arrangements, cybersecurity governance, public trust mechanisms, and administrative capacity across the two countries. The findings indicate that Estonia’s digital governance performance is underpinned not by technological sophistication, but rather by institutional coherence, legally mandated interoperability, universal digital identity, and transparent accountability mechanisms. By contrast, Indonesia’s reform trajectory is constrained by fragmented governance structures, weak enforcement of interoperability standards, limited legal integration, and persistent trust deficits following recurrent data breaches. The comparative analysis identifies several institutional instruments, including federated data exchange architectures, legally recognised digital identity systems, and public data audit mechanisms, that are contextually adaptable to Indonesia’s decentralised governance framework through phased and modular implementation. This study contributes to comparative digital governance scholarship by demonstrating that successful reform in large developing democracies depends on institutional alignment, legal enforceability, and citizen-centred accountability rather than technological replication alone. The findings offer policy-relevant insights for strengthening Indonesia’s digital governance reform and for other decentralised states pursuing interoperable and democratic digital government.