ИНСТИТУТЫ РЫНКА ТРУДА В СИСТЕМЕ ГОСУПРАВЛЕНИЯ И ПРОБЛЕМА РАБОТАЮЩИХ БЕДНЫХ
Аннотация
Бедность остается одной из актуальных социальных проблем во всем мире, и Россия здесь не является исключением. Самая распространенная причина бедности – дефицит доходов, однако не всегда трудоустройство и получение заработной платы гарантируют выход семьи из состояния бедности. Цель настоящей работы –систематизация зарубежных и российских научных исследований, посвященных изучению причин и механизмов появления «работающих бедных». В ней представлен комплексный взгляд на бедность как на проблему рынка труда, в основе которой лежит как недостаток рабочих мест, так и их низкое качество. Особое внимание уделено взаимосвязи бедности и отдельных институтов рынка труда – законодательству о защите занятости и минимальной заработной плате. В тех странах, где уровень занятости населения и вовлеченность в занятость домохозяйств традиционно высоки (к ним относится и Россия), принципиальным вопросом политики по борьбе с бедностью становится качество занятости и, прежде всего, сокращение низкооплачиваемых рабочих мест. Однако многие низкооплачиваемые занятые могут проживать в «небедных» домохозяйствах. Верно и обратное: во многих бедных домохозяйствах нет низкооплачиваемых работников, их бедность объясняется другими, не связанными с рынком труда причинами (прежде всего составом и размером домохозяйства). Поэтому, как демонстрирует опыт многих стран, повышение минимального размера оплаты труда, как правило, не может стать единственным инструментом сокращения бедности.
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