In 2016 new rounds of initiatives aimed at increasing efficiency have been launched: the introduction of so-called «priority projects». The subject of research is the methodology of the project management which is implemented in Russian federal authorities. The goal is to assess the key features and possible consequences of applying project management both at the federal level and when reproducing the methodology by regional authorities. We consider the origins and the prerequisites for a «priority projects», compare the new project tool with the existing target and state programs from the point of management, decision-making procedures, legal status. The conclusions we made include the similarity of the priority projects and target programs and the likelihood of duplication of control mechanisms. We also may predict a dangerous increase in civil service workload due to the expansion of project activities. The practice of developing and implementing priority projects by now has been considered. Given that the methods and practices of the federal level are expected to be replicated at other levels, recommendations and considerations on the organization of project activities in the regions have been provided.